Tag Archives: Extraterrestrial Life

01Jan 2013

Reaching E.T. Through Standardized Protocols

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Image Credit: SPDO/TDP/DRAO/Swinburne Astronomy

Image Credit: SPDO/TDP/DRAO/Swinburne Astronomy

Choosing a single telecommunications protocol has always been difficult for engineers on Earth, so it’s especially difficult for those who want to communicate with beings from another star system. While it’s nice to imagine that extraterrestrial beings would be able to interface with whatever protocol humans decide to encode a message in, that’s not a realistic way to think. Humanity has developed countless electronic communication technologies since the 19th century. There’s no reason to believe that extraterrestrial beings haven’t done the same thing.

SETI and METI organizations have developed a single protocol for sending messages to potential examples of intelligent life. There’s no way of knowing if another civilization could ever actually interpret these signals but the odds are at least a little better with standardized systems.

Imagine an engineer trying to decode a data transmission that no one had ever encountered before. They’d probably try to compare it to other transmissions sent with the same protocol, and then look for the symbols that appear the most. These symbols are probably encoding the most common glyphs in the written language that the transmission represents.

Now imagine that each transmission that the engineer encounters is in a different code. There’s no way for them to compare different messages, because there aren’t any similarities between the different protocols. By using a single system, Earthlings are giving extraterrestrial cultures a chance to decode messages by comparing them to one another. It wouldn’t have been possible for international communications to be achieved on Earth if everyone decided to use their own technology standards.

In fact, poor choices in the past have hampered many types of technological developments. If standardization had occurred between Earthbound transmission sites years ago, these problems would never have reared their ugly head. For that matter, extraterrestrials might very well have been able to intercept numerous types of incidental transmissions. If signals are as weak as one might expect them to be, every little bit matters when we’re talking about communicating across the universe.

If standardization is important, the types of signals sent are equally important (if not more so). Most scientists agree that radio waves are the best way to communicate with other planets/stars given our current level of knowledge. This is due to the fact that radio waves are able to traverse the vast distances involved in actually reaching other stars/planets outside the Milky Way galaxy. Even the closest stars are about 6 light-years away (each light-year is roughly 6 trillion miles). This means that any signals we send their way have to cut through enormous amounts of gas and other obstructions found in space. Radio waves are able to do this effectively (as opposed to say, lightwaves) while traveling vast distances at the speed of light. I have read the work of some scientists that believe lasers may be a good way to reach extraterrestrials as well. I personally feel this is a great alternative to microwaves alone.

electromagnetic-spectrum

While standardization and appropriate signal types are invaluable, they’re also practical because they help to reduce costs. While practicality isn’t something that most people like to discuss, it’s actually pretty necessary in the world of SETI/METI. Many of these organizations, such as the SETI Institute (SETI Institute listens for signals vs. transmitting signals), survive on public donations. They need to maximize what they get out of the financial resources that they’re given to work with. Developing a single standard algorithm helps to reduce the amount of money spent on research while maximizing the chances of success (choosing the right type of signal to send) are crucial to long-term survival. It also means that different pieces of equipment will always interface properly. This means that expensive converts/integrations won’t ever be necessary as long as everyone adheres to the existing standard.

From an engineering standpoint, these groups might want to look at their antennas and transmission sites next (in terms of standardization). Once protocols are standardized, they can begin to improve in other areas as well. Each little bit matters when trying to talk to someone that may exist on a planet that is trillions of miles away.

Reference:

Atri, D., DeMarines, J., & Haqq-Misra, J. (2011). A protocol for messaging to extraterrestrial intelligence Space Policy, 27 (3), 165-169 DOI: 10.1016/j.spacepol.2011.01.001

Edmondson, W. (2010). Targets and SETI: Shared motivations, life signatures and asymmetric SETI Acta Astronautica, 67 (11-12), 1410-1418 DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2010.01.017

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10Dec 2012

Are Rocks the Key to Finding Extraterrestrial Life?

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While scientists like to bandy origin of life theories around, they seldom make the connection to astrobiological research. These theories, however, have a lot to suggest about how life may have developed on other worlds. According to recent studies, low-density vesicular volcanic rock material like pumice might have acted as something like a natural laboratory for chemical reactants that produced the so-called primordial soup. Early geological records show that pumice clasts were abundant in the approximate 3,460 Ma era period.

Samples collected from the Pilbara region in Western Australia exhibit signs of carbon. Traces of titanium oxide and iron sulfide were also found in the samples. Both of these are catalysts for certain reactions that suggest basic life processes. Other researchers have pointed to aluminosilicate minerals in the geological samples, which might be some sort of remains left by prokaryote life forms. Early prokaryotes might have colonized the clasts before they were buried, and therefore what scientists are currently examining are modified forms of what would have otherwise been regular rocks.

In any case, these are some of the earliest examples of life forms currently known to researchers. By examining these samples, it’s somewhat same to assume that a profile can be put together of what substances to look for when searching for remnants of life in astronomical materials. Asteroids are probably what have been covered the most in these studies, but they aren’t the only places to search. If a meteorite were to strike Earth that resembles these clasts, it would pretty exciting nevertheless.

When taking soil samples from other planets, researchers haven’t always been sure what they’re looking for. The Viking probes on Mars attempted to incubate microbes, and this proved relatively fruitless. However, future missions could instead try to locate geological samples that resemble those collected from the Pilbara region. There are plenty of samples in laboratory storage facilities anyway, and these could be examined without any real problems if permission could be granted to scientists.

That’s assuming that evolution takes an identical path on every planet. While some people might suggest this is a shortsighted way to look at the problem, it does have the benefit of making the fewest assumptions. Either way, there’s no reason not to take a look at existing rock samples to see if they match any of these chemical configurations. There’s little risk, and the benefit for a pretty impressive reward if successful.

Reference:

Martin D. Brasiera, Richard Matthewmana, Sean McMahonb, Matt R. Kilburnc, & David Wacey (2013). Pumice from the ∼3460 Ma Apex Basalt, Western Australia: A natural laboratory for the early biosphere Precambrian Research, 224, 1-10 : 10.1016/j.precamres.2012.09.008

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15Oct 2012

Using METI Satellites to Find E.T.

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Cellular networks are all the rage these days. A lot of people believe that mobile technologies will eventually replace desktops/laptops entirely. Regardless, they only work with terrestrial communications networks here on Earth. What if a similar network could be built beyond our planet? Considering that all electromagnetic radiation travels at the speed of light, the problem posed by interstellar communication is a pretty big one but may be the best shot we have at communicating with intelligent alien lifeforms (if they do in fact exist out there).

Messaging to Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence (METI) is the process by which astronomers attempt to purposefully communicate with alien life forms. All forms of electromagnetic radiation emitted from Earth, including radio waves from cellular phones, are moving in a shell at a constant rate away from our planet. That being said, this data isn’t particularly useful. It’s going to take a long time for it to reach a destination. If extraterrestrials were listening to any messages previously transmitted from Earth, it would probably be well over 100 years old.

There are plenty of other things that interfere with METI systems. Scattering, the Doppler effect, noise, signal attenuation and dispersion are all major issues. Signal attenuation is perhaps the most difficult to overcome since such great distances are involved. One might propose, then, that a system of interstellar repeaters would be an excellent way to conquer the ether of outer space.

Translator towers are often used to fill in the holes of FM broadcaster coverage maps. Likewise, cell towers overlap one another to provide a seamless web of communication. Many people even complain that humanity is quickly becoming far too connected for their own good. That being said, this sort of network model could just as easily be adapted to interstellar communication.

No one can build a system of interconnected satellites emitting METI messages overnight. It would probably take hundreds of years. That being said, many places in ancient times were settled in the same way. People built a settlement on an island or cliff and lived there for decades. Eventually, some adventurers from that town would move around and settle a new area. Likewise, that new dispersed settlement would produce another generation of adventures.

Some people have proposed constructing satellites in this manner to relay messages in the hope of making contact with an alien race. One could perhaps imagine making machines that use nanotechnology to continue expanding across a wide stretch of space. Of course, that comes with it’s own set of difficult questions. Either way, this is a difficult task (but not insurmountable). We’re actively listening for E.T. Perhaps it’s time for us to begin calling them as well.

Reference:

Messerschmitt, D., & Morrison, I. (2012). Design of interstellar digital communication links: Some insights from communication engineering Acta Astronautica, 78, 80-89 DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2011.10.005

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26Sep 2012

Exo-Political Policymaking: Power to the People, Regardless of Species

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Nikolai Kardashev once speculated that advanced extraterrestrial civilizations could be classified by their energy usage. While energy conservation is stressed on Earth, energy is vast in space. Therefore, societies that have already journeyed to the stars can [theoretically] experience growth in ways that humanity can only dream of. He proposed that the first step in extraterrestrial development was the planetary level.

Background Reading [PDF]: Discipline of Choice for Public Policy Issues Concerning Extraterrestrial Life

Beings that had developed societies at the planetary level could be classified as Type I cultures. Humanity could be called a Type I culture. Type II civilizations used all of the power present in a star system. Species living in a Type III society would use power at the galactic level.

Public policy decisions surrounding extraterrestrial life have to be tempered around the possibility of coming into contract with members of different levels of technology. Scientific speculation illustrates the possibility of far more Type I societies than either of the other two classifications. Likewise, one might assume that most extraterrestrial life is microbial. Nevertheless, one could just as easily argue that visitors from another world would need to be at the galactic stage of development in order to survive the incredible voyage between two star systems. Trips could take immeasurable amounts of time at faster than light speeds. Sub-light vessels might take centuries to travel from one star to another.

Information on research surrounding the subject of extraterrestrial life has made policy decisions rather difficult. Governmental organizations are already pressured to make logical decisions regarding the possibility of contact with alien races. However, to what degree the public should know about these things is a major ethical question.

Freedom of Information Act mandates caused numerous US federal documents to be placed online. French documents were posted in 2007. The United Kingdom followed suit in 2008. Only time will tell what changes in public policy these documents will force.

It’s highly unlikely anyone will come across some sort of alien cover-up, but these do provide a framework for exo-political decision-making. Governments could then feel that passing laws dealing with extraterrestrial civilizations are normal. There would be plenty of consequences from that happening.

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22Aug 2012

The Murchison Meteorite Revisited

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Piece of the Murchison meteorite

While it took researchers years to prove it, the Murchison meteorite had a number of extraterrestrial organic compounds in it. Four decades is a long time when it comes to space exploration. Forty years is a long time to do anything for that matter. However, this is a serious triumph for science.

The highest concentrations of these extraterrestrial molecules ever recorded were found in the Murchison meteorite. People are naturally going to debate back and forth what this means. Some individuals will probably use it for proof of an otherworldly primordial soup synthesis. Others will say that it’s proof of life on other planets.

In reality, this research proves nothing. It suggests that either of those two theories could be true, but more research is necessary before drawing conclusions. If anything, the Murchison case study proves the value of this sort of research. Most organizations would probably like to see new studies regarding the organic material present in current asteroid collections.

While groups like SETI aren’t often invited to the normal academic’s table, they could very easily analyze many of these studies themselves. The information is readily available. Academic research portals now provide easy access to asteroid statistics and the like. It just takes one person to start sifting through it.

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28Jun 2012

Film Influence on Our Consciousness

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Theorists have sometimes stressed that The Day The Earth Stood Still had a profound influence on the collective consciousness. Gort’s visit to Earth was witnessed on the silver screen across the globe in 1951. His mission seemed peaceful, despite his methods. Indeed, some people have suggested that the Klaatu character might have held religious significance.

Other film critics feel that his mission was unsettling, and that it meant extraterrestrial forces cared little about the Earth’s people. Regardless of which stance one takes, it’s easy to see that the film changed the way that people look at the human condition. It might also have caused many of the supposed UFO sittings of that time period.

Viewers might have subconsciously been influenced by the film’s depiction of otherworldly beings. They might very well have ultimately convinced themselves that they were able to see flying saucers around them. Mass delusion is a realistic explanation. It’s important to understand, however, that this neither proves nor disproves the existence of extraterrestrial life forms. It doesn’t even suggest that all alien spacecrafts viewed during the time period were phony. All it shows is that other forces may have been at work. Only an appropriate exploration program could truly provide proof either way.

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25Jun 2012

Future Mission to 51 Pegasi

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Due to their proximity to Earth, many of the closest star systems have been extensively studied. When the mass media gets their hands on research, they go wild with it. This is a very human response. Naturally, many individuals want to find proof of extraterrestrial life. Other people want to find places where humanity can expand. Some people might simply have some sort of fantasy fulfilled by being an armchair astronaut.

In 1995 astronomers announced that they had discovered a planet, 51 Pegasi B, in orbit around its star, 51 Pegasi – the first exoplanet found orbiting a star similar to the Sun. If one were to travel 48 light-years from this world, they might happen upon a fifth-magnitude star with a mass that’s almost 47 percent higher than that of Jupiter. The planet in that system orbits extremely close to the stellar body. This might very well suggest that the world could never have supported life.

However, that means very little and long-range planning and missions to these systems should still be planned. Though faster than light travel is still out of reach, even conventional systems could theoretically take an artificial intelligence unit to another star system. While it might take decades to reach another world, the whole of humanity would be better for it – especially if life were discovered.

I’m all for going back to the moon (human exploration). It’s a feasible idea (given that we’ve done it before) and certainly a candidate for early space colonization. That being said, I think we should stop focusing on manned missions to Mars [PDF] for now, and focus instead on sending machines to conduct long-term planetary exploration and discovery missions. Ancestors of today’s scientists will surely reap the benefits of such journeys in the far future as a result of our efforts right now.

Image Credit: BBC

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19Jun 2012

Do I Look Like an Alien to You?

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© Scott-Free Productions and 20th Century Fox-Film Corp

I finally got a chance to see Prometheus this weekend and it reminded me why I love both technology and space so much. Without giving too much away for those of you that haven’t yet watched it, one of the more prominent ideas put forth in the movie is that we were created by alien lifeforms that look eerily human in many respects. While I don’t buy into the notion that we were created by other beings (although I do suppose it’s plausible in some respects), I have often wondered what extraterrestrial lifeforms might look like. This is the focus of today’s post. Your input and thoughts are welcome as always.

Occam’s razor would suggest that extraterrestrial lifeforms wouldn’t be quite as different as sci-fi has so often depicted. On the other hand, many scientifically inspired works have long suggested that life on other worlds would be significantly stranger and vastly different than anything found on this planet. For instance, some researchers have depicted alien creatures as somehow silicon-based rather than carbon-based.

© Twentieth Century-Fox

Species with silicon structures could theoretically perform respiration functions with nitrogen molecules instead of oxygen-based matter [all of you biologists out there - feel free to correct me if I'm wrong on this account]. This thinking is perhaps particularly creative, but that doesn’t mean that it’s entirely accurate. Hydrogen, carbon and oxygen molecules are found in certain proportions in life on Earth. In The Fitness of the Environment (1913), American biochemist Lawrence Joseph Henderson first stressed the advantages of carbon and water in lifeforms. Henderson was struck by the fact that the very materials needed for life are exactly those that are abundant here on Earth. It remains a remarkable fact that the atoms most useful for life have very high cosmic relevance. Thus, there’s no reason to suggest that life anywhere else is any different. That doesn’t mean it can’t or hasn’t happened. It just means that right now, we don’t know of another way life may have evolved.

Since the search for extraterrestrial life has often focused around planets that vaguely resemble Earth, it seems a bit strange that people have envisioned aliens as so remarkably foreign. While the culture of some distant planet might be shockingly different, the individual beings there might have much more in common with humanity than anyone ever imagined.

Some researchers have suggested that it seems arrogant to assume the aliens are similar to beings on Earth. However, assuming that otherworldly species resemble Earthlings isn’t necessarily arrogant. One might deduce that it’s the most realistic way to answer the question posed in the title of this post. After all, the idea of lifeforms being based around something besides carbon is seemingly outlandish given our current understanding of biology and how life is created.

What do you think? If there are in fact alien lifeforms out there, are they vastly different from us or closer than those most often depicted in literature and film?

Research:

Ehrenfreund P, Spaans M, & Holm NG (2011). The evolution of organic matter in space. Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences, 369 (1936), 538-54 PMID: 21220279

Ziurys LM (2006). The chemistry in circumstellar envelopes of evolved stars: following the origin of the elements to the origin of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103 (33), 12274-9 PMID: 16894164

Kerr RA (2012). Planetary science. Homegrown organic matter found on Mars, but no life. Science (New York, N.Y.), 336 (6084) PMID: 22628628

Davies PC (2003). Does life’s rapid appearance imply a Martian origin? Astrobiology, 3 (4), 673-9 PMID: 14987473

Frederick Su (1996). Extraterrestrial life forms examined SPIE DOI: 10.1117/2.6199612.0001

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01Jun 2012

Who Built the Baigong Pipes?

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Ancient aliens or just really bad art?

Many scientists have argued that people who claim archaeological remains are extraterrestrial in origin are being disrespectful to ancient civilizations. Those civilizations had to overcome countless challenges to produce remarkable structures. They developed advanced forms of engineering.

Baigong Pipe

However, Chinese researchers once seemed to take the idea of alien interference very seriously. Mount Baigong in Qinghai province boasts a particularly unusual landscape. Various objects that seem to resemble rusty pipes litter the soil. These objects are associated with what appears to be a pyramid built on the top of the mountain. This pyramid is attached to a trio of caves, though unfortunately two of the caves are now sealed off. Inside the accessible cave, there is s a half-pipe about 40 centimeters in diameter tilting from the top to the inside of the cave. Another pipe of the same diameter goes into the earth with only its top visible above the ground. Dozens of strange pipes surround the opening with diameters ranging from 10 to 40 centimeters. Their structures indicate a highly advanced and completely unknown construction technique.

Skeptics have put forth several types of geological explanations. Natural science offers explanations for many types of phenomena as well. For instance, magma flows might have caused the formation of the objects when it seeped into existing rock fissures.

However, some people remain unconvinced. There were over 3,000 UFO sightings in China in the early twenty-first century. Local residents have continued to refer to the objects as extraterrestrial relics. Yang Ji of the Purple Mountain Observatory felt that the site still needs to be examined before any conclusions could be made. Some individuals, however, have already made their own assumptions about what entities built the pyramid and pipes. What are your thoughts regarding the idea that extraterrestrials have played a part in the construction of large-scale structures on Earth in previous periods?

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28Apr 2012

Alien Intervention Throughout Human History

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The debate over whether alien beings exist continues today with devout believers on one side and skeptics on the other; however the belief in extraterrestrials has gained momentum in modern times. Not surprisingly, believers in alien beings often keep their views private for fear of being ridiculed. Still, many believers maintain that it is pure arrogance to believe that human beings on Earth are the only intelligent life forms in such a vast universe.

Several authors and researchers claim that ancient writings from around the world indicate an extraterrestrial presence in Earth’s past. The Bible is among those ancient documents they often cite. There are also researchers that claim alien beings intervened in human history and even directed the course of our evolution. Perhaps the ancient people had knowledge of these extraterrestrial beings and tried to express that knowledge in their ancient writings.

Did beings similar to ourselves land on Earth thousands of years ago? If so, no doubt they had great technology and could perform feats that would appear as miracles. The primitive beings of Earth would have undoubtedly viewed them as great gods. We must ask ourselves what we would do if we were to visit another planet Perhaps we would only observe the cultures there. But what if we became stranded and had to make that planet our own? Would our level of intellect, technology and beliefs and cultural traditions affect the native culture of the alien world? There is a very good possibility that our presence and interaction would influence the native culture of that planet. Perhaps that is what happened on Earth. If aliens did land on our planet long ago and interact with human beings, we have to wonder if their interaction was inadvertent or intentional. If their interaction was intentional, then what was their agenda?

ANCIENT ALIENS: The Da Vinci Conspiracy | S04E08

This episode examines some of the paintings, sketches and journals of legendary artists and engineer Leonardo Da Vinci, and alleges that some of his work may have been inspired by alien technology he may have encountered. Leonardo da Vinci’s painting…

There are several statements in the Bible that have left some researchers and scholars at odds. Some maintain that the Book of Genesis is referring to more than one God and that the biblical angels may be what we now refer to as aliens. One verse that has raised eyebrows is Genesis 1:26 that states, “Let us make man in our image, in our likeness.” Who was God talking to when He made this statement? Since He was the only God, He had to be talking to the angels…or so the theory goes.

Later in Genesis 6 it states, “The sons of God saw the daughters of men were beautiful, and they married any of them they chose. The Nephilim were on the earth in those days and also afterward when the sons of God went to the daughters of men and had children by them.”

Some people believe that the sons of God were the fallen angels that had followed Satan during the rebellion against God. There are also people who believe the sons of Gods were ancient astronauts who resided on Earth. It is also theorized that whole story relating to the war between God (and the good angels) vs. Satan (and the fallen angels) is actually the ancient telling of a war between two factions of an alien world; or a war between two extraterrestrial races from different planets.

The Bible states that angels were created before human beings and the humans were created as lesser beings than the angels. There seems to be great emphasis on the difference between beings that were created and those that were born. The Bible specifically states that both angels and man were created beings. It is believed that the Nephilim were a hybrid race. There are people who also believe human beings may also be a hybrid race and that the original man and woman, Adam and Eve were genetically engineered. There have been numerous reports of modern alien abductions where people believe that they have been tested or experimented on as well. Cattle mutilations also contribute to this theory since the animals have had their blood drained and parts of their anatomy removed with surgical precision.

There are several ancient writings that mention divine beings that came from the stars or the heavens. There are also drawings and writings about Gods that flew in chariots. The Book of Ezekiel in the Bible is a good example of seeing some sort of craft descend and ascend. Ezekiel 10:106 states, “Now when the cherubim moved, the wheels would go beside them; also when the cherubim lifted up their wings to rise from the ground, the wheels would not turn from beside them.”

There have been sightings of unusually shaped saucers and cigar shaped crafts throughout history that continue in modern times. Sightings of UFOs (Unidentified Flying Objects) have been reported by people such as police officers, airline pilots, and military personnel. While some sightings may be other phenomena or even hoaxes, there are some that clearly remain unexplained. There have also been sightings of USOs (Unidentified Submersible Objects). These objects appear to descend from the sky and submerge into water. They are also seen rising from the water and ascending to the sky.

If alien intervention did take place and a union took place between human beings and extraterrestrials, it seemed to displease God greatly as the following passage indicates. The Book of Jubilees states: “And it came to pass when the children of men began to multiply on the face of the earth and daughters were born unto them, that the angels of God saw them on a certain year of this jubilee, that they were beautiful to look upon; and they took themselves wives of all whom they chose, and they bare unto them sons and they were giants. And lawlessness increased on the earth and all flesh corrupted its way, alike men and cattle and beasts and birds and everything that walks on the earth -all of them corrupted their ways and their orders, and they began to devour each other, and lawlessness increased on the earth and every imagination of the thoughts of all men (was) thus evil continually. And God looked upon the earth, and behold it was corrupt, and all flesh had corrupted its orders, and all that were upon the earth had wrought all manner of evil before His eyes. And He said that He would destroy man and all flesh upon the face of the earth which He had created.”

God was not happy with this intervention and took steps to destroy all flesh that had been corrupted, even the animals. Considering that God had decided to destroy all flesh, we can assume that even the animals had been corrupted in some way. Some believe that extraterrestrials conducted genetic experiments on early man and the animals of Earth. Author Zechariah Sitchin proposed that an alien race known as the Annunaki came to our planet to mine gold and created modern mankind as a slave or worker race. There are more questions than there are answers regarding the origins of humankind and the existence of extraterrestrials, but perhaps someday science will be able to corroborate the ancient stories told in the Bible and other ancient documents.

The biblical passage of Mark 4:21-22 quotes Jesus saying, “Everything that is hidden will be made clear. Every secret thing will be made known.”

What are your thoughts on all of this? These are not theories that I necessarily subscribe to however I thought it might make a good subject to explore nonetheless. Let me know your thoughts on ancient aliens. Or alternatively, if you don’t believe aliens are here (or ever have been), feel free to share your thoughts on this as well.

Image Credit: http://ancient-aliens-were-here.blogspot.com/

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